Measures we've developed

Self-report instrument

Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI)

The PFAI measures beliefs associated with the avoidance achievement motive, also known as fear of failure. It's available in two forms:

• Long form (25 items) — yields scores for five specific beliefs about the likely consequences of failing, plus a sixth general fear-of-failure score.
• Short form (5 items) — yields a single general fear-of-failure score, sufficient for most research applications.

Permission is granted for anyone to use either version for research purposes.

Psychometric publications

Key papers documenting the psychometric properties of PFAI scores:

• Conroy (2001) — original 41-item version of the PFAI (not recommended for use).
• Conroy, Willow, & Metzler (2002) — introduces the long (25-item) and short (5-item) form PFAIs.
• Conroy, Metzler, & Hofer (2003) — examines the invariance and stability of the long and short form PFAIs.